The STM32 LoRa Discovery kit: adding sensors

(Playing with the X-NUCLEO-IKS01A2)

So, now that the STM32 board is up and running, it's time to start doing something with it. Luckily for me, the friendly folks at the STMicro stand also put a sensor expansion board in my hands. This X-NUCLEO-IKS01A2 board (what's in a name) carries a number of sensors, as well as extension connectors and such:

Key Features (taken from the STMicro website)

• LSM6DSL MEMS 3D accelerometer (±2/±4/±8/±16 g) and 3D gyroscope (±125/±245/±500/±1000/±2000 dps)
• LSM303AGR MEMS 3D accelerometer (±2/±4/±8/±16 g) and MEMS3D magnetometer (±50 gauss)
• LPS22HB MEMS pressure sensor, 260-1260 hPa absolute digital output barometer
• HTS221: capacitive digital relative humidity and temperature
• DIL24 socket for additional MEMS adapters and other sensors
• Free comprehensive development firmware library and example for all sensors compatible with STM32Cube firmware
• I²C sensor hub features on LSM6DSL available
• Compatible with STM32 Nucleo boards
• Equipped with Arduino UNO R3 connector
• RoHS compliant 

The board communicates through I2C and libraries can of course be downloaded from the website.

Let's send some data!

 As with the LRWAN1 board, it really pays off to read at least part of the documentation included in the library. After setting up I2C and configuring the library to use the correct addresses, it is pretty easy to create a compact payload for LoRa transmission:

BSP_sensor_Read( &sensor_data );

temperature  = ( int16_t )( sensor_data.temperature * 100 );
pressure     = ( uint16_t )( sensor_data.pressure * 100 / 10 );
humidity     = ( uint8_t )( sensor_data.humidity );
batteryLevel = ( uint8_t )(HW_GetBatteryLevelInMilliVolts( ) / 100);
lightLevel   = ( uint8_t )(HW_GetLightLevelRaw( ));
soundLevel   = ( uint8_t )(HW_GetSoundLevelRaw( ));

(Full source code available on request)

The lightLevel and soundLevel values are not taken from the included sensors. Because the NUCLEO boards include Arduino-style headers, I decided to stick an Arduino breadboard on top, and included (analog) sensors for sound and light, which are read by two ADC channels. So now the whole contraption looks like this:

Now to find a use for the remaining accelerometer sensors... Any ideas? Please let me know!

Getting started with the STM32 LoRa Discovery Kit

After having done a number of embedded projects using the Microchip processors and development stack, I figured it was about time to try something else for a change. Fortunately I was able to attend the first TheThingsNetwork developer conference in the Netherlands, where I was given an ST Microelectronics B-L072Z-LRWAN1 Discovery board. This board contains everything you need to get started in the world of LoraWAN. The STMicro site lists the following specs:

Key Features

• CMWX1ZZABZ-091 LoRa^® module (Murata)
  • Embedded ultra-low-power STM32L072CZ Series MCUs, based on ARM^® Cortex^® -M0+ core, with 192 Kbytes of Flash memory, 20 Kbytes of RAM, 20 Kbytes of EEPROM
  • USB 2.0 FS
  • 4-channel,12-bit ADC, 2xDAC
  • 6-bit timers, LP-UART, I² C and SPI
  • Embedded SX1276 transceiver
  • LoRa^® , FSK, GFSK, MSK, GMSK and OOK modulations
  • +14 dBm or +20 dBm selectable output power
  • 157 dB maximum link budget
  • Programmable bit rate up to 300 Kbit/s
  • High sensitivity: down to -137 dBm
  • Bullet-proof front end: IIP3 = -12.5 dBm
  • 89 dB blocking immunity
  • Low RX current of 10 mA, 200 nA register retention
  • Fully integrated synthesizer with a resolution of 61 Hz
  • Built-in bit synchronizer for clock recovery
  • Sync word recognition
  • Preamble detection
  • 127 dB+ dynamic range RSSI
• SMA and U.FL RF interface connectors
• Including 50 Ohm SMA RF antenna
• On-board ST-LINK/V2-1 supporting USB re-enumeration capability
• USB ST-LINK functions:
• Board power supply:
  • Through USB bus or external V_IN /3.3 V supply voltage or batteries
• 3xAAA-type-battery holder for standalone operation
• 7 LEDs:
  • 4 general-purpose LEDs
  • A 5 V-power LED
  • An ST-LINK-communication LED
  • A fault-power LED
• 2 push-buttons (user and reset)
• Arduino^™ Uno V3 connectors
• ARM^® mbed^™ (see http://mbed.org

 Nice! Sounds like the perfect opportunity to start in the world of STMicro ARM processors (More info can be found on the STMicro website).

So now: how to get it to work? Although there were several workshops on this subject during the conference, there weren't many people that actually got the board to work and connect. The instructors did their best, but the STMicro development stack just isn't as straightforward to install and set up as Arduino's. Each workshop left us struggling with a multitude of drivers to install, accounts to set up and a confusing number of choices on Development tools. A quick Google search revealed that we were not alone in this; countless discussions on forums are describing the same experience. Once home, I decided to take some time to find out what actually needs to be done to get the board to work and do a small tutorial, so here it is!

Prerequisites

 

For this writeup I am going to assume that you already have a TheThingsNetwork account, and are familiar with LoraWAN. If not, please go to the TheThingsNetwork website and create an account (it's free), and read up on LoraWAN and TTN (This link is a good start).
Before downloading from the links below, you will also need to create an STMicro account (Click here). You will need it to access the downloads on their website.

What to get?

 

STLink driver
The Discovery board comes with a built-in ST-LINK programmer / debugger, for which you will need a driver. This can be downloaded here. Please install this FIRST, before plugging in the Discovery board.

I-CUBE-LRWAN (LoRaWAN software expansion for STM32Cube)
This package contains all libraries and demo projects. It can be downloaded here.

KEIL MDK
In this tutorial I've decided to use the Keil MDK IDE. You can download it here. Please take the time to create an account and register your version of MDK (it's free for STM32F0 and STM32L0 series processors). You will need to have a license in place to be able to successfully build the demo application.

Putting it all together

 

Set up communications
Once the driver is installed, you should be able to start communicating with the Discovery board. The board comes pre-loaded with firmware which will send the DevEUI, AppEUI andAppKey over a serial connection. So, let's make this happen!
First, Connect the board and then open your Device Manager. Your board should be listed in the ports list:

On my system the board COM port is COM5. Open a serial monitor program (I used the serial monitor in the Arduino IDE) and select COM5. Now press the Reset button on the board and something like this will appear:

Register your device

Now go to console.thethingsnetwork.org and register your device on the TTN. Never done this before? Not to worry; TheThingsNetwork has an excellent tutorial right here.

The DEVEui will need to be entered during registration; the AppEui and AppKey will be generated during device registration. These we will need to enter in our project.

Enter the keys in your Project
Now it's time to open the demo Project in Keil MDK. Start the program and open the demo project (Project -> Open Project...) located in the I-CUBE package you have downloaded. There is a separate demo project for each Discovery board and tools stack, which leads to a quite complicated directory structure. This is what it should look like:

ICUBEDIR\Projects\Multi\Applications\LoRa\End_Node\MDK-ARM\B-L072Z-LRWAN1

Load the project file and build it to make sure that all components are OK.
Now it's time to enter the keys. This needs to be done in the file commissioning.h, which is located in the directory Lora\End_Node_inc:

Open the file in MDK and enter the AppEui and AppKey. Do not alter the DevEui; this is not used in OTAA activation. Save the file.

Build the Project and update the Discovery board
Now Rebuild the Project. If the build is successful, you will be able to load the generated firmware into the Discovery board. Use menu Flash -> Download to update the firmware in your device and then press the Reset button on the board.

Done!
The serial monitor should now list something like this:

That's it! Your device is now joined and will start sending data to the TTN network. You can of course monitor this in the TTN console.

Next steps?

 

Getting the device to work is only the first step of course. You will now need to take it further by adding sensors and modifying the code to make it do what you have in mind. Good luck, and please leave feedback below if you found this tutorial useful!